The "50 Basic Important Formulas for Civil Site Engineers and Supervisors" complete reference is now available. To ensure the proper execution and effective completion of any project in the field of civil engineering, it is vital to have a solid foundation in fundamental formulas and principles. By presenting a compilation of the most crucial formulas for many parts of civil engineering, including concrete, reinforcement, structural analysis, and soil mechanics, this guide is intended to assist site engineers and supervisors in developing their knowledge.
1. Concrete Calculation:
Volume of Concrete = Cross sectional Area x Length
Total Concrete Quantity = Volume of Concrete × 1.54 (to account for voids in aggregates)
Cement Quantity = (Total Concrete Quantity × Cement Ratio) / Sum of Ratios
Sand Quantity = (Total Concrete Quantity × Sand Ratio) / Sum of Ratios
Aggregate Quantity = (Total Concrete Quantity × Aggregate Ratio) / Sum of Ratios
2. Area Calculation:
Rectangle: Area = Length × Width
Triangle: Area = 0.5 × Base × Height
Trapezium: Area = 0.5(a+b) x Height
Circle: Area = p × Radius²
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3. Volume Calculation:
Cube: Volume = Side³
Rectangular Prism: Volume = Length × Width × Height
Cylinder: Volume = p × Radius² × Height
Sphere: Volume = (4/3) × p × Radius³
4. Slope Calculation:
Slope (as a percentage) = (Vertical Distance / Horizontal Distance) × 100
Slope (as a ratio) = Vertical Distance: Horizontal Distance
5. Earthwork Calculation:
Volume of Cut or Fill = Average Cross-sectional Area × Length
Average Cross-sectional Area = (Area 1 + Area 2) / 2
6. Steel Quantity Calculation:
Steel Quantity = (Length of Bar × Number of Bars × Weight of Steel per Unit Length) / 1000
Weight of Steel per Unit Length = (Diameter² × p) / 162.198 (for steel bars in kg/m, where diameter is in mm)
7. Unit Weight:
Unit Weight of Steel = 7850 kg/m³
Unit Weight of Concrete = 2400 kg/m³
Unit Weight of Brick = 1600-2000 kg/m³ (depending on type)
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8. Compressive/Tensile/Bearing Stress:
Stress = (External Load or Force) / Cross Sectional Area
9. Slab Load Calculation:
Slab Load = Dead Load + Live Load
10. Moisture Content:
MC = (Moist Weight- Dry Weight) /Dry Weight
11. Moment of Inertia:
Rectangle: I = (Width × Height³) / 12
Circle: I = (p × Diameter4) / 64
12. Section Modulus:
Rectangle: Z = (Width × Height²) / 6
13. Bending Moment:
Simply Supported Beam: M = (Point Load × Length) / 4
14. Shear Force:
Simply Supported Beam: V = Point Load / 2
15. Bricks Calculation:
Number of Bricks = (Volume of wall) / (Brick Volume + Mortar Volume)
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16. Dry Material Quantity for Mortar:
Cement Quantity = (Mortar Volume × Cement Ratio) / Sum of Ratios
Sand Quantity = (Mortar Volume × Sand Ratio) / Sum of Ratios
17. Wet Mortar Volume:
Wet Mortar Volume = Dry Mortar Volume × 1.3 (approximately)
18. Excavation Calculation:
Excavation Volume = Trench Length × Trench Width × Trench Depth
19. Retaining Wall Stability:
Factor of Safety against Sliding = (Resisting Force × Wall Length) / (Driving Force × Wall Height)
20. One-way Slab Thickness:
Thickness = (Span / Ratio) + (Clear Cover + Main Bar Diameter / 2)
21. Two-way Slab Thickness:
Thickness = (Shorter Span / Ratio) + (Clear Cover + Main Bar Diameter / 2)
22. Pile Load Capacity:
Load Capacity = (End Bearing Capacity × Pile Tip Area) + (Skin Friction × Pile Surface Area)
23. Compaction Factor:
Compaction Factor = (Loose Soil Volume – Compacted Soil Volume) / Loose Soil Volume
24. Soil Settlement:
Immediate Settlement = (Applied Load × Thickness × Poisson’s Ratio) / (Elastic Modulus × (1 – Poisson’s Ratio²))
25. Modulus of Elasticity (E):
Concrete: E = 4700 × v(Concrete Compressive Strength)
26. Modulus of Subgrade Reaction:
k = (Subgrade Modulus × Width of Foundation) / (1 + m × Width of Foundation)
27. Safe Bearing Capacity (SBC):
SBC = Ultimate Bearing Capacity / Factor of Safety
28. Factor of Safety against Overturning:
FS = Resisting Moment / Overturning Moment
29. Reinforcement Cover:
Nominal Cover = Design Cover – Deviation (specified in relevant codes)
30. Concrete Mix Proportions:
Water-Cement Ratio = Water Content / Cement Content
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31. Bar Bending Schedule:
Development Length = Bar Diameter × Development Length Factor (specified in codes)
32. Coefficient of Permeability:
Darcy’s Law: Q = (Coefficient of Permeability × Area × Hydraulic Gradient) / Length
33. Total Stress in Soil:
Total Stress = Effective Stress + Pore Water Pressure
34. Consolidation Settlement:
Settlement = (Initial Void Ratio × Height of Compressible Layer × Change in Effective Stress) / (1 + Initial Void Ratio)
35. Modulus of Rupture:
Modulus of Rupture = (3 × Load × Span) / (2 × Width × Thickness²)
36. Number of reinforcement on slab:
Number of reinforcement on slab = (Slab Length/Spacing) + 1
37. Effective Length of Column:
Effective Length = Unsupported Length × K (K = effective length factor, depending on the end conditions)
38. Slenderness Ratio:
Slenderness Ratio = Effective Length / Least Radius of Gyration
39. Radius of Gyration (R):
R = square root(Moment of Inertia/Cross sectional Area)
40. Axial Load Capacity of Wall:
Load Capacity = Area of Wall × Allowable Axial Stress
41. Modulus of Elasticity of Steel (Es):
Es = 200,000 N/mm² (approximately for mild steel)
42. Area of Steel:
Area of Steel=Ultimate Moment/0.95 x Characteristic strength of steel x Lever arm (BS 1997)
43. Compression Factor:
Compression Factor =Ultimate Moment/ (Breath x Square of Effective Depth x Characteristic Strength of Concrete)
44. Total Surface Area of a Cylinder:
Surface Area = 2 × p × Radius × (Radius + Height)
45. Wet to Dry Soil Volume Shrinkage:
Shrinkage Volume = (Wet Soil Volume × Shrinkage Factor) / (1 + Shrinkage Factor)
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46. Unit Weight of Water:
Unit Weight of Water = 1000 kg/m³
47. Fluid Pressure:
Pressure = Density × Acceleration due to Gravity × Depth
48. True stress :
True stress = Load/Actual cross-sectional area
49. Factor of Safety:
Factor of Safety = Ultimate Stress/Working Stress
50. Bending Stress:
Bending Stress = Bending Moment/Section Modulus
The 50 formulas and concepts list for civil site engineers and supervisors is now complete. Be aware that this list is not all-inclusive and that certain circumstances can call for other formulas or ideas. For unique requirements in your locality, always refer to the relevant codes and standards. For engineers and managers of civil construction sites, these calculations are merely a place to start. You'll run into increasingly complicated circumstances as you gain experience, which calls for more formulas and ideas.
Conclusion
The "50 Basic Important Formulas for Civil Site Engineers and Supervisors" guide is a helpful resource for anyone working in the field of civil engineering, to sum up. You may improve your practical expertise, increase your on-site efficiency, and guarantee the successful completion of your projects by becoming familiar with these fundamental formulas and ideas. Even though this list contains a lot of basic formulas, it is always a good idea to check the appropriate laws and standards that are unique to your location and project requirements. Staying current with the most recent methods and best practices will be essential for your professional development and success as civil engineering continues to change.